Monitoring and control of E. coli cell integrity

Soluble expression of recombinant proteins in E. coli is often done by translocation the product across inner membrane (IM) into periplasm, where it retained outer (OM). While integrity IM strongly coupled to viability and impurity release, a decrease OM (corresponding increased “leakiness”) leads accumulation extracellular space, impacting downstream process. Whether leakiness desired or not, differential monitoring control are necessary for an efficient bioprocess compliance with guidelines Quality Design Process Analytical Technology. In this review, we give overview relevant tools, summarize research on factors affecting provide brief discussion how available technology can be implemented real-time cultivations.